Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory condition in which small clusters of immune cells—called granulomas—form in various organs, most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes in the chest. These granulomas can affect how the lungs function and may cause symptoms such as cough, chest discomfort, or shortness of breath. The cause is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to an unknown trigger. Many cases are mild, and some resolve on their own, while others may require treatment.
What is it?
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the development of granulomas—tiny clusters of inflammatory cells—within organs. In the lungs, these granulomas often form in the lymph nodes and lung tissue, which can lead to airway irritation or reduced lung capacity. Sarcoidosis can affect a single organ or multiple systems, including the skin, eyes, heart, and nervous system, but the lungs are involved in the majority of cases.
The exact cause remains unknown, but researchers believe it may involve a combination of genetic susceptibility and exposure to an environmental or infectious trigger. On imaging, sarcoidosis can show enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, small nodules throughout the lungs, or areas of scarring in more advanced stages. These patterns help radiologists distinguish sarcoidosis from infections, cancers, or other inflammatory lung diseases.
Important to Know
Many people with sarcoidosis have mild or no symptoms and do not require treatment. However, when the lungs are significantly affected, sarcoidosis can cause persistent cough, shortness of breath, or decreased exercise tolerance. Over time, some individuals may develop lung scarring (fibrosis), which can lead to long-term breathing difficulties.
Red flags include worsening shortness of breath, chest pain, new palpitations, fainting episodes, or visual changes, as sarcoidosis can occasionally affect the heart or eyes. CT scans help track disease activity and identify complications such as fibrosis or airway involvement. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help prevent progression and improve quality of life.