Renal Cell Carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, arising from the cells that line the small tubes within the kidney. RCC can range from small, slow-growing tumors found incidentally to aggressive cancers that spread to other parts of the body. Many people have no symptoms early on, and the tumor is discovered during imaging done for unrelated reasons.
What is it?
Renal cell carcinoma begins when abnormal kidney cells grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor within the kidney. Tumors may remain confined to the kidney for long periods or may spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, or distant organs. RCC includes several subtypes, such as clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe RCC, each with distinct biological behavior.
Imaging—especially contrast-enhanced CT or MRI—helps determine the tumor’s size, appearance, and whether it has invaded nearby structures. These studies also help evaluate the renal veins, lymph nodes, and other organs for signs of spread. Ultrasound may detect a mass but is less specific for characterizing cancer.
Important to Know
Early-stage RCC often has an excellent prognosis, and many small tumors are managed successfully with surgery or active surveillance. Larger or more aggressive tumors may require additional treatments such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Genetic testing may be recommended for individuals with a strong family history or certain tumor characteristics.
Red flag symptoms include persistent flank pain, visible blood in the urine, unexplained weight loss, fever, or a noticeable abdominal mass. These symptoms warrant prompt evaluation. Follow-up imaging is often essential after treatment to ensure there is no recurrence.