Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic lung condition in which normal lung tissue becomes scarred and thickened over time. This scarring makes it harder for the lungs to expand and for oxygen to move into the bloodstream, leading to progressive shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance. Pulmonary fibrosis can develop on its own, be associated with autoimmune diseases, occur after environmental exposures, or follow certain infections or medical treatments.
What is it?
Pulmonary fibrosis occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy lung tissue, making the lungs stiffer and less able to function normally. The most well-known form is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), where the cause is unknown. Other types can be linked to autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, environmental exposures like asbestos or silica, certain medications, or chronic inflammation.
Radiologists use high-resolution CT (HRCT) to look for characteristic patterns such as reticulation, honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis. These imaging features help distinguish pulmonary fibrosis from other lung diseases and guide treatment decisions. The extent and distribution of scarring also provide important information about severity and progression.
Important to Know
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive condition, meaning symptoms often worsen over time. Early signs like shortness of breath during activity or a persistent dry cough may be subtle. As scarring increases, individuals may develop low oxygen levels, clubbing of the fingers, or increasing difficulty with daily activities. Prompt recognition and evaluation are important because earlier treatment can help slow disease progression.
Red flags that require prompt medical attention include rapidly worsening breathing, new chest pain, coughing up blood, or signs of infection. Follow-up CT scans may be recommended to monitor changes in scarring or assess response to treatment. While pulmonary fibrosis cannot be reversed, modern therapies and supportive care can significantly improve quality of life.