Polycystic Kidney Disease
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic condition in which multiple fluid-filled cysts develop within the kidneys. Over time, these cysts can enlarge the kidneys, reduce their ability to function, and lead to high blood pressure or kidney failure. PKD may be diagnosed in childhood or adulthood depending on its type and severity. Many people show no symptoms early in life, and the condition is often found during imaging for unrelated concerns.
What is it?
Polycystic kidney disease causes numerous cysts to form in the kidneys, gradually increasing kidney size and reducing healthy kidney tissue. The two main types are autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), which usually presents in adulthood, and autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), which appears in infancy or childhood. Cysts may also form in other organs such as the liver or pancreas.
Imaging shows enlarged kidneys filled with multiple cysts of varying sizes. Ultrasound is often the first diagnostic tool, while CT or MRI provides more detailed assessment, especially when evaluating complications or monitoring disease progression.
Important to Know
PKD progresses differently for everyone. Some individuals maintain good kidney function for many years, while others may develop high blood pressure, infections, cyst bleeding, or decreased kidney function. Early diagnosis and regular monitoring can help slow disease progression and manage symptoms.
Red flag symptoms include severe or persistent flank pain, fever (possible infection), sudden blood in the urine, rapid abdominal enlargement, or symptoms of kidney failure such as fatigue or swelling. These require timely medical evaluation. Follow-up imaging helps assess cyst growth and guide treatment decisions.