Pheochromocytoma
A pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that develops from the adrenal glands, which sit above each kidney and produce important hormones. These tumors arise from adrenal medulla cells and can release high levels of adrenaline-like hormones (catecholamines). This may cause sudden or episodic symptoms such as high blood pressure, headache, sweating, and rapid heartbeat. Many pheochromocytomas are found incidentally on imaging performed for other reasons.
What is it?
Pheochromocytomas are adrenal gland tumors that produce excess stress hormones, especially adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones can cause sudden spikes in blood pressure or episodes of symptoms triggered by stress, exercise, or certain medications. Although most pheochromocytomas are benign, a small percentage may behave more aggressively.
Imaging such as CT or MRI can identify a mass within the adrenal gland and help assess its size and appearance. Additional testing, including blood or urine tests that measure catecholamine levels, can confirm the diagnosis. Specialized nuclear medicine scans may be used when further evaluation is needed or to assess spread.
Important to Know
Most pheochromocytomas can be cured with surgery, but stabilizing blood pressure before surgery is essential to prevent complications. Some tumors are associated with genetic syndromes, especially in younger patients, so genetic testing may be recommended.
Red flag symptoms include severe or sudden high blood pressure, chest pain, palpitations, fainting, or episodes of intense headache and sweating. These symptoms require urgent medical evaluation. Follow-up imaging may be recommended after surgery to ensure the tumor has not recurred.