Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when one or more pelvic organs—such as the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine—drop from their normal position and push against the vaginal walls. This happens when the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues become weakened or stretched. Prolapse can cause symptoms such as pelvic pressure, a bulging sensation, urinary or bowel problems, or discomfort during daily activities. Many people experience varying degrees of prolapse, especially after childbirth, aging, or pelvic surgery.
What is it?
Pelvic organ prolapse occurs when the muscles and tissues that support the pelvic organs weaken, allowing organs to shift downward. The bladder may press into the front vaginal wall (cystocele), the rectum into the back wall (rectocele), or the uterus may descend into the vagina. Some individuals may also have prolapse of the small bowel (enterocele). Causes include pregnancy, childbirth, aging, chronic constipation, heavy lifting, obesity, or prior pelvic surgery.
Imaging such as pelvic MRI can help assess the degree and type of prolapse, especially when planning treatment or surgery. MRI may also identify associated pelvic floor muscle defects or other contributing conditions.
Important to Know
Pelvic organ prolapse is common and treatable. Many people improve with pelvic floor physical therapy, lifestyle adjustments, or the use of a pessary (a supportive device placed in the vagina). Surgery may be an option for more advanced or symptomatic cases. Symptoms often vary depending on activity and severity.
Red flag symptoms include inability to urinate, recurrent urinary infections, severe pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding not related to menses, or sudden worsening of symptoms. These may indicate complications requiring prompt medical evaluation.