Iron Overload In The Liver
Iron overload in the liver occurs when excess iron accumulates within liver tissue over time. This can result from hereditary conditions such as hemochromatosis or from repeated blood transfusions, certain anemias, or chronic liver disease. Mild iron overload may cause no symptoms, but significant buildup can damage the liver and increase the risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer. Imaging helps quantify iron levels and assess for associated liver changes.
What is it?
Iron overload in the liver happens when the body absorbs or receives more iron than it can safely store. The excess iron is deposited in liver cells and other tissues, where it can generate oxidative stress and tissue damage over time. Hereditary hemochromatosis is a genetic condition that causes increased iron absorption from the diet, while secondary iron overload can occur in people who receive frequent blood transfusions, have certain blood disorders, or have chronic liver disease.
Imaging helps estimate how much iron is present and whether there are complications such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, or liver masses. MRI techniques are particularly sensitive for measuring iron levels, while CT and ultrasound can show overall liver size, texture, and associated findings such as fatty change or signs of portal hypertension.
Important to Know
Many people with iron overload feel well for years and only discover the condition through abnormal blood tests or imaging. However, if untreated, significant iron buildup can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer, heart problems, diabetes, and other organ damage. Early recognition is important because treatments that lower iron levels can prevent or slow these complications.
Red flag symptoms include jaundice, unexplained weight loss, swelling of the abdomen or legs, severe fatigue, or changes in mental clarity, which may signal advanced liver disease. Family members of individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis may also benefit from testing. Follow-up imaging and blood tests are often used to monitor iron levels, track liver health, and assess response to treatment.