Hernia (Hiatal, Inguinal, Ventral)
A hernia occurs when an internal structure—such as fat, tissue, or part of an organ—pushes through a weak spot in a muscle or connective tissue wall. Common types include hiatal hernias (upper stomach sliding through the diaphragm), inguinal hernias (in the groin), and ventral hernias (in the abdominal wall). Hernias may cause pain, pressure, or visible bulging, and they can sometimes lead to complications if trapped tissue loses its blood supply.
What is it?
A hernia forms when tissue pushes through a weakened or thin area of muscle or connective tissue. Hiatal hernias occur when the upper part of the stomach moves into the chest through the diaphragm, often causing reflux symptoms. Inguinal hernias appear as bulges in the groin where abdominal contents move through a weak spot. Ventral hernias occur in the abdominal wall, including near old surgical incisions.
Imaging helps identify the type of hernia, its size, the contents of the hernia sac, and whether complications are present. CT scans are particularly useful for evaluating complex or recurrent hernias, or when symptoms are unclear. Ultrasound is an excellent first test for groin or abdominal wall hernias, and MRI can be used for detailed soft-tissue assessment or surgical planning.
Important to Know
Some hernias are harmless and cause only minor discomfort, while others can lead to serious complications. If part of the intestine or other tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) or its blood supply is cut off (strangulated), emergency treatment is required. Symptoms of these complications include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, or a hernia bulge that cannot be pushed back in.
Hiatal hernias can cause heartburn, regurgitation, and chest discomfort. Lifestyle adjustments and medications may help, but surgery is sometimes needed. Follow-up imaging may be recommended if symptoms worsen or if a hernia becomes painful or enlarges over time.