Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. These growths most commonly affect the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissues within the pelvis, but they can also occur in other areas. Endometriosis can cause chronic pelvic pain, painful periods, pain during intercourse, and fertility problems. Some individuals have minimal or no symptoms, and the condition may be discovered incidentally.
What is it?
Endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like tissue implants outside the uterus and responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. These implants may bleed, cause inflammation, and lead to scarring or adhesions between pelvic organs. The severity of symptoms varies widely—some individuals experience minimal discomfort, while others have persistent or severe pain.
Ultrasound is helpful for detecting ovarian endometriomas, a common type of cyst associated with endometriosis. MRI provides a more detailed evaluation, especially for deep pelvic endometriosis involving the bowel, bladder, or ligaments. Laparoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis and allows biopsy or treatment at the same time.
Important to Know
Endometriosis is a chronic condition, and symptoms may fluctuate over time. Hormonal therapies can reduce pain by suppressing menstrual cycles, while surgery may be needed for significant scarring, endometriomas, or infertility. Early diagnosis and management can improve quality of life and preserve fertility.
Red flag symptoms include sudden severe pelvic pain (possible cyst rupture or torsion), bowel or bladder symptoms that worsen during menstruation, significant bloating, or unexplained infertility. Follow-up imaging may be recommended to monitor endometriomas or assess progression of deep disease.