Cholelithiasis / Gallstones
Cholelithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones—hardened deposits that form inside the gallbladder. These stones can vary in size from tiny grains to large stones and may be composed of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of substances. Many people have no symptoms, but gallstones can cause pain, nausea, or complications if they block the bile ducts or irritate the gallbladder lining.
What is it?
Cholelithiasis occurs when substances in bile—such as cholesterol or bilirubin—solidify within the gallbladder. Cholesterol stones are the most common. Factors that increase the risk include age, genetics, pregnancy, obesity, rapid weight loss, and certain medical conditions. Gallstones may remain in the gallbladder without causing issues or may move into the bile ducts, leading to pain or complications such as inflammation.
Imaging helps confirm the presence of gallstones and identify any signs of irritation or blockage. Ultrasound is the preferred method because it clearly shows stones, gallbladder wall thickening, and bile duct dilation. CT and MRI/MRCP can help evaluate complications or provide additional detail when needed.
Important to Know
Gallstones may cause sudden, intense pain known as biliary colic, typically occurring after eating fatty foods. If a stone blocks the cystic duct or common bile duct, inflammation or infection can develop, requiring prompt medical care. Some individuals experience repeated episodes of pain, while others remain symptom-free for years.
Red flag symptoms include fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), severe abdominal pain, or persistent vomiting—these may indicate complications such as cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, or pancreatitis. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) is often recommended for recurrent episodes or significant discomfort.