Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition in which the branching airways (bronchi) become permanently widened and inflamed. This leads to mucus buildup, repeated infections, and ongoing cough. It can develop after infections, immune problems, inherited conditions, or long-term airway inflammation. Many cases are identified through imaging when people experience persistent respiratory symptoms.
What is it?
Bronchiectasis occurs when the walls of the bronchi—the branching airways that carry air through the lungs—are damaged over time. This damage causes the airways to widen and lose their normal ability to clear mucus. As mucus builds up, bacteria can grow, leading to recurrent infections that further worsen airway inflammation. Over time, this cycle can lead to chronic symptoms and decreased lung function.
The condition may affect a single lung region or be widespread, depending on the underlying cause. It can result from prior severe infections, autoimmune disease, allergic conditions, immune system deficiencies, or genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. In many adults, the cause is unknown, which is referred to as idiopathic bronchiectasis.
Important to Know
Persistent, daily mucus-producing cough is the most common symptom and may worsen during flare-ups. Recurrent chest infections, fatigue, and shortness of breath can develop as airway damage progresses. CT scanning is the gold-standard method for diagnosis, and radiologists often identify hallmark features such as “tram-track” and “signet ring” signs that clearly demonstrate airway enlargement.
Red flags that warrant prompt medical attention include coughing up blood, high fever, rapidly worsening breathing, or symptoms not responding to usual treatments. While bronchiectasis is a chronic condition, many people manage symptoms effectively with airway clearance therapy, medications, and treatment of underlying causes. Long-term prognosis varies depending on severity and frequency of infections.