Ascites
Ascites refers to the abnormal buildup of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. It is most commonly associated with advanced liver disease, but it can also occur from cancer, heart failure, infection, or inflammation. The amount of fluid can range from small, incidental findings on imaging to large volumes that cause abdominal distension and discomfort.
What is it?
Ascites develops when excess fluid collects inside the peritoneal cavity, often due to increased pressure in the veins around the liver or reduced protein levels in the blood. Cirrhosis is the most common cause, as scarring of the liver disrupts normal blood flow. Other causes include heart failure, kidney disease, peritonitis, and certain cancers.
Imaging helps determine the amount of fluid present and may reveal signs of underlying conditions such as liver disease or tumors. Radiologists also look for complications including loculated (compartmentalized) fluid, infection, or pressure effects on abdominal organs.
Important to Know
Ascites can cause discomfort, bloating, and difficulty breathing when fluid buildup is significant. Rapidly worsening ascites may indicate a change in liver function or another underlying issue requiring prompt attention. Persistent fluid buildup may also increase the risk of infection within the abdomen.
Red flag symptoms include fever, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or dizziness, which may signal complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, addressing the underlying cause, and preventing recurrence. Follow-up imaging may be recommended to assess changes in fluid levels or treatment response.